Osseointegration is the intimate contact between implanted biomaterial and bone tissue at the optical microscopy level. The phenomenon has induced dental implantology, one of the most successful treatments in dentistry and medicine.
High success rates of Osseointegration are connected with endogenous elements like host systemic impairment, smoking habits, quality and quantity of bone. Also, using implant Osteotomy drills with high quality has more chances of success.
Well, in this write-up, we will share the effects of simplified dental drilling. Have a look over the important facts on implant Osteotomy drills and the studies conducted on this.
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Factors Responsible For Success Of Osseointegration
In 1981, Albrektsson et al. suggested that 6 factors are responsible for determining the success of Osseointegration. It includes loading conditions, design, biocompatibility, surgical technique, surface, and state of the host bed.
The proper irrigation technique is essential to avoid thermal damage to the bone in the highest friction areas with the drills.
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Studies On Implant Osteotomy Drills
In different studies, different drilling materials are used. There are numerous ways to measure the heat generated while drilling the bone during implant placement. And thermography is one of the major methods used for measuring the temperature in Real-time infrared. Also, thermograph assists in verifying discriminate temperature distribution like a visible image, expressing it through shades on a monitor and the value of the subject’s radiant infrared.
In the second method, every preparation temperature measurement is created with a shielded thermocouple. These are recorded with the help of a microprocessor thermometer. Also, in a study with a digital thermometer, thermal quantification is conducted.
The speed of drilling during osteotomy in implant site preparation affects the cell vitality, heat generation, and consequently, osseointegration and primary stability of the implant.
Understanding the impact is necessary for taking the required precautions to conduct a successful dental rehabilitation.
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Heat Generations In Osteotomy Drilling
The excessive temperature while dental drilling may lead to damage to the cavity and surrounding bone. The heat generation differs by the location of the osteotomy. Usually, the cortical bone consists of little water and is dense. That is why, the thermo-conductive rates are higher in the bone marrow, with relatively rapid heat conduction.
Heat generation while drilling in Compact Bone V/s Spongy Bone.
The Spongy bone has a lattice structure and includes lipids and water. Well, the frictional heat forged in the spongy bone’s cylinder wall is improbable to extend to the periphery.
Furthermore, vascularization of the structure plays an efficient role in the bony tissue reaction to the heat effect. The spongy bone dissipates the heat faster when supplied with blood vessels. Also, it has a higher capacity for regeneration as compared to the compact bone; it has a low blood supply.
In studies, the Huiskes R found that the compact bone resorption (approx 550 μm) is more extensive as compared to the spongy bone (highest 180 μm). It helps to verify the compact bone’s inferior thermal properties.
On the other hand, the research of Roberts et al. studied a 1,000 μm-wide resorption pattern of damaged peri-implant compact bone. The high failure rate of the dental implant was listed and attributed to heat generation. The outcomes were the friction of the drilling with the help of dense cortical bone.
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Drilling Speed During Osteotomy Treatment
There are some researchers that have conducted studies on the implant Osteotomy drills speeds.
Increasing heat production by high rotational speeds, approx 350 rpm, is good – Lavelle and Wedgwood studies.
There is a proportional relationship between heat production and drilling speed which varies from 345 to 2,900 rpm – Matthews and Hirsch found.
The thermal changes, initial histologic responses, and mechanical effects of drilling bone at the different speeds ranging from 125 to 2,000 rpm – were investigated by Thompson. Also, he found that with no use of coolant, the temperature rose from 38.3 to 65.5 °C by increasing the drilling speed. And this finding is verified and confirmed by the popular researcher Pallan.
It is recommended to use drill speeds ranging from 1,000 to 2,000 rpm – Eriksson et al.
Further, Eriksson had not experimentally investigated the temperature at water-cooled drilling speeds of more than 2,000 rpm.
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Force Applied During Implant Osteotomy Drills
The drill speed is not an essential determinant of heat production. But, it changes the drilling force, which is related to periods of temperature elevation and the maximum temperature elevation. Also, remember that increasing the advancement rate of the drill by increasing the force of drilling doesn’t increase heat production.
When you increase both the load and the speed, it allows the drill to cut more efficiently than at low speeds. Hence, it generates less frictional heat.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the excessive heat produced by drilling induces bone necrosis. Furthermore, the handpiece’s force improves the bone’s heat. A speed of 2,500 rpm is best for implant Osteotomy drills.
Furthermore, expert surgeons suggest that using the best implant drills in dental implantations can help to make it successful. Not only this, but with the quality of drills, implementation of the proper techniques matters the most.
